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About Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "herbs" "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze".

Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.

Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.

Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues.

Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 47.7% of people were in a registered marriage and 11.7% were in a de facto marriage.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 31.9% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these, 28.1% were in primary school, 17.9% in secondary school and 19.5% in a tertiary or technical institution.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.3% of people had both parents born in Australia and 41.7% of people had both parents born overseas.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 67.9% did unpaid domestic work in the week before the Census. During the two weeks before the Census, 31.4% provided care for children and 10.0% assisted family members or others due to a disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. In the year before the Census, 13.6% of people did voluntary work through an organisation or a group.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 18.6% of single parents were male and 81.4% were female.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of couple families with children, 32.0% had both partners employed full-time, 3.4% had both employed part-time and 24.6% had one employed full-time and the other part-time.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 93.5% of private dwellings were occupied and 6.5% were unoccupied.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of occupied private dwellings 9.5% had 1 bedroom, 33.2% had 2 bedrooms and 37.8% had 3 bedrooms. The average number of bedrooms per occupied private dwelling was 2.7. The average household size was 2.8 people.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of all households, 75.4% were family households, 20.4% were single person households and 4.2% were group households.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 14.2% of households had a weekly household income of less than $650 and 26.6% of households had a weekly income of more than $3000.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.6% of occupied private dwellings had one registered motor vehicle garaged or parked at their address, 38.7% had two registered motor vehicles and 13.5% had three or more registered motor vehicles.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 85.4% of households had at least one person access the internet from the dwelling. This could have been through a desktop/laptop computer, mobile or smart phone, tablet, music or video player, gaming console, smart TV or any other device.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 49.5% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people were male and 50.5% were female. The median age was 26 years.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the average household size was 2.9 persons, with 1.1 persons per bedroom. The median household income was $2,034.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the median weekly rent was $480 and the median monthly mortgage repayment was $2,400.

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About the Italian Language

Italian is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italian is, by most measures and together with Sardinian, the closest language to Latin, from which it descends via Vulgar Latin. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland (Ticino and the Grisons), San Marino, and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria (Croatia and Slovenia). It formerly had official status in Albania, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro (Kotor), Greece (Ionian Islands and Dodecanese) and is generally understood in Corsica by Corsican speakers (in facts, many linguists classify it as an Italian dialect). It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa, where it still plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries.] Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties) and other regional languages.

Italian is a major European language, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe. It is the second most widely spoken native language in the European Union with 67 million speakers (15% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and opera; numerous Italian words referring to music have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the food and luxury goods markets.