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About Bourke

Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north-west of the state capital, Sydney, on the south bank of the Darling River.

The location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people.

The first European-born explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales. Having struck the region during an intense drought and a low river, Sturt dismissed the area as largely uninhabitable and short of any features necessary for establishing reliable industry on the land.

Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the outback trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co Coach Terminus, several paddle boat companies running the Darling and a bridge crossing the river that would allow for road transportation into the town.

Opened on 4 May 1883, the North Bourke Bridge was designed by J H Daniels and modified in 1895 and 1903 by E M de Burgh. Its construction was begun by David BailIie and completed by McCulloch and Company. The 1895 modifications led to improved designs for subsequent lift-span bridges. The bridge is the oldest moveable-span bridge in Australia and is the sole survivor of its type in New South Wales. It served for 114 years before being bypassed in 1997 when a new bridge carrying the Mitchell Highway was opened just downstream.

By 1885 Bourke would be accessible by rail, confirming its position as a major inland transport hub. Like many outback Australian townships, Bourke would come to rely on camels for overland transport, and the area supported a large Afghan community that had been imported to drive the teams of camels. A small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery.

As trade moved away from river transport routes, Bourke's hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a trade centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the state's north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with some small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today.

Bourke's traditional landholders endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia. Dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, many continued to live a traditional lifestyle in the region. Others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand.

A large influx of displaced Aboriginal peoples from other areas in the 1940s saw Bourke's indigenous community grow and led to the establishment of a reserve in 1946 by the Aborigines Protection Board. The majority of indigenous settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 33.2% of people were in a registered marriage and 18.8% were in a de facto marriage.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 37.5% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these, 24.5% were in primary school, 11.3% in secondary school and 8.3% in a tertiary or technical institution.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 71.1% of people had both parents born in Australia and 4.9% of people had both parents born overseas.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 50.6% did unpaid domestic work in the week before the Census. During the two weeks before the Census, 22.4% provided care for children and 10.2% assisted family members or others due to a disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. In the year before the Census, 21.7% of people did voluntary work through an organisation or a group.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 22.9% of single parents were male and 77.1% were female.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of couple families with children, 33.8% had both partners employed full-time, 3.3% had both employed part-time and 21.7% had one employed full-time and the other part-time.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 81.9% of private dwellings were occupied and 18.1% were unoccupied.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of occupied private dwellings 5.4% had 1 bedroom, 15.2% had 2 bedrooms and 46.7% had 3 bedrooms. The average number of bedrooms per occupied private dwelling was 3.1. The average household size was 2.5 people.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of all households, 66.2% were family households, 32.2% were single person households and 1.6% were group households.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 19.6% of households had a weekly household income of less than $650 and 9.5% of households had a weekly income of more than $3000.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 39.8% of occupied private dwellings had one registered motor vehicle garaged or parked at their address, 28.2% had two registered motor vehicles and 9.5% had three or more registered motor vehicles.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 62.0% of households had at least one person access the internet from the dwelling. This could have been through a desktop/laptop computer, mobile or smart phone, tablet, music or video player, gaming console, smart TV or any other device.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 44.9% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people were male and 55.1% were female. The median age was 26 years.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the average household size was 3 persons, with 0.9 persons per bedroom. The median household income was $1,208.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the median weekly rent was $175 and the median monthly mortgage repayment was $1,000.

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About the Italian Language

Italian is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italian is, by most measures and together with Sardinian, the closest language to Latin, from which it descends via Vulgar Latin. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland (Ticino and the Grisons), San Marino, and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria (Croatia and Slovenia). It formerly had official status in Albania, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro (Kotor), Greece (Ionian Islands and Dodecanese) and is generally understood in Corsica by Corsican speakers (in facts, many linguists classify it as an Italian dialect). It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa, where it still plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries.] Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties) and other regional languages.

Italian is a major European language, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe. It is the second most widely spoken native language in the European Union with 67 million speakers (15% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and opera; numerous Italian words referring to music have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the food and luxury goods markets.